At this week’s IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference (IEEE ISSCC2024), imec—a world-leading research and innovation hub in nanoelectronics and digital technologies—introduces a breakthrough architecture that lays the foundation for a whole new generation of analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). Imec’s massively time-interleaved slope-ADC design offers high power efficiency and a very compact footprint, while promising to enable exceptional conversion speeds. As such, it is ideally suited to meet data centers’ exploding data processing and throughput demands, driven by the surge in cloud computing and (generative) AI applications.

Training AI models requires massive computing power, necessitating data centers to invest in increasingly powerful optical networks for fast, reliable communications between servers, storage devices, and networking equipment. But since data centers' optical communication networks need to operate at higher and higher speeds, their components grow in size and power consumption.

A New Architecture That Overcomes the Limitations of Time-Interleaved SAR ADCs

A critical component of optical transceivers, today’s wireline ADCs are mostly based on time interleaving of (large numbers of) successive approximation register (SAR) ADCs that feature tens of parallel high-speed channels. As such, when scaling to sampling rates far beyond 100 GS/s, the SAR ADC approach results in a significant area increase and long interconnection lines, translating into substantial parasitics and energy loss.

To support the insatiable bandwidth and data processing demands of wireline applications and their need for ever faster ADCs, imec proposes a new ADC architecture that overcomes these limitations.

“On the one hand, our massively time-interleaved slope-ADC design exploits the paradigm that slow-speed, but extremely small channels make for a more efficient conversion per area. Secondly, by arranging (lots of) these channels in a two-dimensional array, the length of the interconnection lines is minimized, and the power dissipated through parasitics is reduced. As a result, higher power efficiency and scalability can be achieved, while significantly reducing the ADC’s surface area,” said Joris Van Driessche, program manager at imec.

Proof-of-Concept: A 42GS/s 7b 16nm Massively Time-Interleaved Slope-ADC Prototype Chip

At ISSCC, imec presents a proof-of-concept of its new ADC architecture in the form of a 42GS/s 7b massively time-interleaved slope-ADC prototype chip.

“Even at the relatively modest speed of 42 GS/s, the benefits of our approach are clear. Implemented in 16 nm FinFET technology, our prototype chip contains an array of 768 slope-ADCs—with a core active area of just 0.07 mm². This is at least a factor of two smaller than conventional approaches. It also has a state-of-the-art power consumption of 96 mW,” commented Joris Van Driessche. “In other words, this is the first proof that our novel architecture works. And its benefits will only become more significant as we move to higher speeds (150 GS/s and beyond).”

In fact, a 5 nm ADC using the same architecture is currently being completed—targeting sampling rates well above 150 GS/s while achieving extremely low power consumption. In parallel, the team has started exploring a 2 nm implementation, targeting speeds in excess of 250 GS/s.

“We believe this is an important stepping stone in the development of a whole new generation of small-area, low-power ADCs to support tomorrow’s wireline applications. It overcomes the limitations of SAR ADC implementations, which risk running out of steam when required to operate at extremely high speeds,” concluded Van Driessche.

Imec enthusiastically invites additional partners to join this research effort – such as fabless companies specializing in the development of wireline connectivity building blocks. Moreover, licensing options are available for those companies seeking access to imec’s ADC IP blocks.

Imec has a long track record in developing high-speed integrated circuits for photonics applications. One of its research tracks is aimed at creating optical transceivers (and their various building blocks) that can keep up with the exploding data rates of wireline applications. Late last year, for example, imec researchers at Ghent University developed an optical receiver achieving a gross data rate of 200 Gbps by co-integrating a traveling-wave SiGe BiCMOS transimpedance amplifier with a silicon photonics Ge photodetector to combine the need for speed with a scalable and affordable implementation. The pursuit of a new generation of ADCs and DACs clearly complements this research effort, taking ADC development to a whole new level.