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PLL Characterization for Data Communication Components and Systems

Phase-locked loops (PLL) are used extensively throughout modern electronic systems. In data communication systems, PLLs are used in transmitter clock multipliers and receiver clock recovery circuits. A key performance factor for the PLL is how they manage jitter. A critical PLL metric is the jitter transfer function which is based on the PLL loop bandwidth. There are several measurement methods that can be used to characterize PLL loop bandwidth and jitter transfer. When operating on digital data signals, PLL bandwidth can vary with the data pattern. In this article, Greg Le Cheminant, Keysight Technologies, focuses on test methods that allow operation on data rather than only clock signals provide very high precision and useful insights into PLL behavior.


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What is This Material Called FR-4?

Within the PCB industry, FR-4 materials have long been accepted as “standard” materials. However, their use was not specific to the types of board being designed. For today’s high-speed, high-frequency designs, careful engineering and material selection relative to the resin systems and glass weave styles needed will ensure that a product will work as specified, as designed, and as manufactured. In addition, the finish of the copper used in the signal and power layers also needs to be controlled in order to ensure that loss goals are met.


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