Featured White Papers

RSS

The rise of AI, cloud, and IoT is driving data center expansion, enhancing communication speed, optical modules, and storage. This document explores data transmission technologies, testing solutions, and the importance of measuring signals for compliance. Anritsu ensures efficient, reliable testing to support modern data center networks.

Data transmission beyond 56 Gbps raises challenges in design and testing, as discussed in engineering meetings and expert panels. This eBook explores key considerations for high-speed systems, including PAM4 implementation, BER evaluation, and optimizing transmitter and receiver designs to address complexities at higher data rates. Design News forthcoming.

Serving as a signal’s primary pathway between components in RF and microwave systems, cable assembles are critical for ensuring reliable, optimal performance. This article reviews key considerations, such as amplitude stability, phase stability, durability, and flexibility, to help you choose the most suitable cable for your specific objectives.

Stressed-Receiver Tolerance testing (Rx testing) requires a reference transmitter that generates a test signal with specifically calibrated impairments combined with a test interconnect with a specified worst-case differential insertion loss frequency response. A test fixture is necessary for connecting the reference transmitter to the receiver being tested, the DUT (device under test). The test fixture may include cables, connectors, adapters, splitters, etc., whose response is necessarily included in the stressed-signal calibration. Calibration of the stressed signal is the most time-consuming and difficult step in Rx testing. This paper introduces an approach that has been effective in Rx testing for the HDMI and MIPI standards: Use of an AWG (arbitrary waveform generator) to embed the required test channel response and specified signal impairments – like jitter and noise – directly into the test signal. The technique simplifies the tests and makes them more repeatable: calibration time is reduced, and physical compliance/variable- ISI boards are eliminated along with most of the test fixture cables and connectors. We show how to embed channel characteristics in impaired waveforms along with common pitfalls, and then turn to a communication channel model for automotive standards that typically have long channels and disparate cables.

Signal transmission in modern high-speed serial interfaces is so challenging that errors in the received data are unavoidable. Physical layer compliance testing ensures that the number of errors does not exceed the limits of the specifications in the test conditions but not necessarily in the realistic worst-case scenario. To test such a scenario and to recommend changes in the receiver to reduce probability of errors, we developed an above-compliance testing method called Self-Adapting Tool for Automated Receiver Testing (START). START finds symbol sequences that have the highest probability of causing errors for a specific receiver, identifies receiver design problems, and tests receiver with a compliant pattern causing maximum error rate.

The poster, “Understanding Phase Noise Measurements,” provides a clear and concise overview of key phase noise concepts, including its impact on system performance, measurement techniques, cross correlation, confidence factor vs. noise floor, and advanced analysis solutions. Explore phase noise fundamentals using this insightful visual guide from Maury Microwave.

Featuring a curated collection of articles and papers spanning several years, the eBook, "A Practical Guide to Load Pull Measurements," is a comprehensive resource that covers critical load pull methods, applications, and measurement setups. From fundamental concepts to advanced techniques, learn how load pull optimizes the performance of RF/microwave systems.

High-speed digital designs require accurate measurements. Are hidden factors impacting your tests? Discover the best indicators for your oscilloscope’s signal integrity with insights from Keysight.

Directed energy weapons (DEW) emit intently focused beams of electromagnetic energy to incapacitate enemy targets. These weapons, however, often limit output power to mitigate destructive reflections along the fiber-optic cables. In this article, learn how additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) can optimize DEW performance during testing and deployment.

In today’s wireless world, RF signals are transmitted and received to effectively send data and facilitate wireless communications. Among all the parameters to consider in RF design, power measurements remain one of the most critical metrics for designers and operators.